Merged in acjf3/sail/sail_new_tc (pull request #2)

Initial commit of x86 model (ported from L3).

1 files changed, 809 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/x86/x64.sail b/x86/x64.sail
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46f7e741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x86/x64.sail
@@ -0,0 +1,809 @@
+(*========================================================================*)
+(*                                                                        *)
+(*  This software was developed by the University of Cambridge Computer   *)
+(*  Laboratory as part of the Rigorous Engineering of Mainstream Systems  *)
+(*  (REMS) project, funded by EPSRC grant EP/K008528/1.                   *)
+(*                                                                        *)
+(*  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without    *)
+(*  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions    *)
+(*  are met:                                                              *)
+(*  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright     *)
+(*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.      *)
+(*  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright  *)
+(*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in    *)
+(*     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the         *)
+(*     distribution.                                                      *)
+(*                                                                        *)
+(*  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS''    *)
+(*  AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED     *)
+(*  TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A       *)
+(*  PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR   *)
+(*  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,          *)
+(*  SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT      *)
+(*  LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF      *)
+(*  USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND   *)
+(*  ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,    *)
+(*  OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT    *)
+(*  OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF    *)
+(*  SUCH DAMAGE.                                                          *)
+(*========================================================================*)
+
+default Order dec
+
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (bit['n],[|'n|]) -> bit['n] effect pure ASR
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (bit['n],[|'n|]) -> bit['n] effect pure LSR
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (bit['n],[|'n|]) -> bit['n] effect pure ROR
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (bit['n],[|'n|]) -> bit['n] effect pure ROL
+val cast bool -> bit effect pure cast_bool_bit
+val cast bit -> int effect pure cast_bit_int
+val extern forall Num 'n. int -> bit['n] effect pure cast_int_vec
+val extern forall 'n, 'm, 'o, 'n <= 0, 'm <= 'o. [|'n:'m|] -> [|0:'o|] effect pure negative_to_zero
+
+typedef byte = bit[8]
+typedef qword = bit[64]
+typedef regn  = [|15|]
+typedef byte_stream = list<byte>
+typedef ostream = option<byte_stream>
+
+(* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Registers
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
+
+(* Program Counter *)
+
+register qword RIP
+
+(* General purpose registers *)
+
+register qword RAX (* 0 *)
+register qword RCX (* 1 *)
+register qword RDX (* 2 *)
+register qword RBX (* 3 *)
+register qword RSP (* 4 *)
+register qword RBP (* 5 *)
+register qword RSI (* 6 *)
+register qword RDI (* 7 *)
+register qword R8
+register qword R9
+register qword R10
+register qword R11
+register qword R12
+register qword R13
+register qword R14
+register qword R15
+
+let (vector<0,16,inc,(register<qword>)>) REG =
+  [RAX,RCX,RDX,RBX,RSP,RBP,RSI,RDI,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14,R15]
+
+(* Flags *)
+
+register bit CF
+register bit PF
+register bit AF
+register bit ZF
+register bit SF
+register bit OF
+
+(* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Memory
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
+
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (qword, [|'n|]) -> (bit[8 * 'n]) effect { rmem } MEM
+
+val extern forall Nat 'n. (qword, [|'n|], bit[8 * 'n]) -> unit effect { wmem } wMEM
+
+(* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Helper functions
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
+
+(* Instruction addressing modes *)
+
+typedef size = const union {
+  bool Sz8;
+  unit Sz16;
+  unit Sz32;
+  unit Sz64;
+}
+
+typedef base = const union {
+  unit NoBase;
+  unit RipBase;
+  regn RegBase;
+}
+
+typedef scale_index = (bit[2],regn)
+
+typedef rm = const union {
+  regn                             Reg;
+  (option<scale_index>,base,qword) Mem;
+}
+
+typedef dest_src = const union {
+  (rm,qword) Rm_i;
+  (rm,regn)  Rm_r;
+  (regn,rm)  R_rm;
+}
+
+typedef imm_rm = const union {
+  rm    Rm;
+  qword Imm;
+}
+
+typedef monop_name = enumerate { Dec; Inc; Not; Neg }
+
+typedef binop_name = enumerate {
+  Add; Or; Adc; Sbb; And; Sub; Xor; Cmp; Rol; Ror; Rcl; Rcr; Shl; Shr; Test; Sar
+}
+
+typedef cond = enumerate {
+  O; NO; B; NB; E; NE; NA; A; S; NS; P; NP; L; NL; NG; G; ALWAYS
+}
+
+(* Effective addresses *)
+
+typedef ea = const union {
+  (size,qword) Ea_i;
+  (size,regn)  Ea_r;
+  (size,qword) Ea_m;
+}
+
+function qword ea_index ((option<scale_index>) index) =
+  switch (index) {
+    case None -> 0x0000000000000000
+    case (Some(scale, idx)) ->
+      let x = (qword) (0x0000000000000001 << scale) in
+      let y = (qword) (REG[idx]) in
+      let z = (bit[128]) (x * y) in
+      z[63 .. 0]
+  }
+
+function qword ea_base ((base) b) =
+  switch b {
+    case NoBase -> 0x0000000000000000
+    case RipBase -> RIP
+    case (RegBase(b)) -> REG[b]
+  }
+
+function ea ea_rm ((size) sz, (rm) r) =
+  switch r {
+    case (Reg(n)) -> Ea_r (sz, n)
+    case (Mem(idx, b, d)) -> Ea_m (sz, ea_index(idx) + (qword) (ea_base(b) + d))
+  }
+
+function ea ea_dest ((size) sz, (dest_src) ds) =
+  switch ds {
+    case (Rm_i (v, _)) -> ea_rm (sz, v)
+    case (Rm_r (v, _)) -> ea_rm (sz, v)
+    case (R_rm (v, _)) -> Ea_r (sz, v)
+  }
+
+function ea ea_src ((size) sz, (dest_src) ds) =
+  switch ds {
+    case (Rm_i (_, v)) -> Ea_i (sz, v)
+    case (Rm_r (_, v)) -> Ea_r (sz, v)
+    case (R_rm (_, v)) -> ea_rm (sz, v)
+  }
+
+function ea ea_imm_rm ((size) sz, (imm_rm) i_rm) =
+  switch i_rm {
+    case (Rm (v)) -> ea_rm (sz, v)
+    case (Imm (v)) -> Ea_i (sz, v)
+  }
+
+function qword restrictSize ((size) sz, (qword) imm) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> imm & 0x00000000000000FF
+    case Sz16     -> imm & 0x000000000000FFFF
+    case Sz32     -> imm & 0x00000000FFFFFFFF
+    case Sz64     -> imm
+  }
+
+function regn sub4 ((regn) r) = negative_to_zero (r - 4)
+
+function qword effect { rreg, rmem } EA ((ea) e) =
+  switch e {
+    case (Ea_i(sz,i)) -> restrictSize(sz,i)
+    case (Ea_r((Sz8(have_rex)),r)) ->
+      if have_rex | r < 4 (* RSP *) | r > 7 (* RDI *) then
+        REG[r]
+      else
+        LSR (REG[sub4 (r)], 8) & 0x00000000000000FF
+    case (Ea_r(sz,r)) -> restrictSize(sz, REG[r])
+    case (Ea_m((Sz8(_)),a)) -> EXTZ (MEM(a, 1))
+    case (Ea_m(Sz16,a)) -> EXTZ (MEM(a, 2))
+    case (Ea_m(Sz32,a)) -> EXTZ (MEM(a, 4))
+    case (Ea_m(Sz64,a)) -> MEM(a, 8)
+  }
+
+function unit effect { wmem, wreg, escape } wEA ((ea) e, (qword) w) =
+  switch e {
+    case (Ea_i(_,_)) -> exit ()
+    case (Ea_r((Sz8(have_rex)),r)) ->
+      if have_rex | r < 4 (* RSP *) | r > 7 (* RDI *) then
+      {
+        (qword) regr := REG[r];
+        regr[7 .. 0] := w[7 .. 0];
+        REG[r] := regr
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        (qword) regr := REG[sub4(r)];
+        regr[15 .. 8] := (vector<15,8,dec,bit>) (adjust_dec(w[7 .. 0]));
+        REG[sub4(r)] := regr
+      }
+    case (Ea_r(Sz16,r)) ->
+      {
+        (qword) regr := REG[r];
+        regr[15 .. 8] := w[15 .. 8];
+        REG[r] := regr
+      }
+    case (Ea_r(Sz32,r)) -> REG[r] := (qword) (EXTZ (w[31 .. 0]))
+    case (Ea_r(Sz64,r)) -> REG[r] := w
+    case (Ea_m((Sz8(_)),a)) -> wMEM(a, 1, w[7 .. 0])
+    case (Ea_m(Sz16,a)) -> wMEM(a, 2, w[15 .. 0])
+    case (Ea_m(Sz32,a)) -> wMEM(a, 4, w[31 .. 0])
+    case (Ea_m(Sz64,a)) -> wMEM(a, 8, w)
+  }
+
+function (ea, qword, qword) read_dest_src_ea ((size) sz, (dest_src) ds) =
+  let e = ea_dest (sz, ds) in
+  (e, EA(e), EA(ea_src(sz, ds)))
+
+function qword call_dest_from_ea ((ea) e) =
+  switch e {
+    case (Ea_i(_, i)) -> RIP + i
+    case (Ea_r(_, r)) -> REG[r]
+    case (Ea_m(_, a)) -> MEM(a, 8)
+  }
+
+function qword get_ea_address ((ea) e) =
+  switch e {
+    case (Ea_i(_, i)) -> 0x0000000000000000
+    case (Ea_r(_, r)) -> 0x0000000000000000
+    case (Ea_m(_, a)) -> 0x0000000000000000
+  }
+
+function unit jump_to_ea ((ea) e) = RIP := call_dest_from_ea(e)
+
+(* EFLAG updates *)
+
+function bit byte_parity ((byte) b) =
+{
+  (int) acc := 0;
+  foreach (i from 0 to 7) acc := acc + (int) (b[i]);
+  (bit) (acc mod 2 == 0)
+}
+
+function [|64|] size_width ((size) sz) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> 8
+    case Sz16 -> 16
+    case Sz32 -> 32
+    case Sz64 -> 64
+  }
+
+function [|63|] size_width_sub1 ((size) sz) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> 7
+    case Sz16 -> 15
+    case Sz32 -> 31
+    case Sz64 -> 63
+  }
+
+(* XXXXX
+function bit word_size_msb ((size) sz, (qword) w) = w[size_width(sz) - 1]
+*)
+
+function bit word_size_msb ((size) sz, (qword) w) = w[size_width_sub1(sz)]
+
+function unit write_PF ((qword) w) = PF := byte_parity (w[7 .. 0])
+
+function unit write_SF ((size) sz, (qword) w) = SF := word_size_msb (sz, w)
+
+function unit write_ZF ((size) sz, (qword) w) =
+  ZF := (bit)
+         (switch sz {
+            case (Sz8(_)) -> w[7 .. 0] == 0x00
+            case Sz16 -> w[15 .. 0] == 0x0000
+            case Sz32 -> w[31 .. 0] == 0x00000000
+            case Sz64 -> w == 0x0000000000000000
+          })
+
+function unit write_arith_eflags_except_CF_OF ((size) sz, (qword) w) =
+{
+  AF := undefined;
+  write_PF(w);
+  write_SF(sz, w);
+  write_ZF(sz, w);
+}
+
+function unit write_arith_eflags ((size) sz, (qword) w, (bit) c, (bit) x) =
+{
+  CF := c;
+  OF := x;
+  write_arith_eflags_except_CF_OF (sz, w)
+}
+
+function unit write_logical_eflags ((size) sz, (qword) w) =
+  write_arith_eflags (sz, w, bitzero, bitzero)
+
+function unit erase_eflags () =
+{
+  AF := undefined;
+  CF := undefined;
+  OF := undefined;
+  PF := undefined;
+  SF := undefined;
+  ZF := undefined;
+}
+
+(* XXXXX *)
+function nat power ((nat) x, ([|64|]) y) = undefined
+
+function nat value_width ((size) sz) = power (2, size_width(sz))
+
+function bit word_signed_overflow_add ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  (bit) (word_size_msb (sz, a) == word_size_msb (sz, b) &
+         word_size_msb (sz, a + b) != word_size_msb (sz, a))
+
+function bit word_signed_overflow_sub ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  (bit) (word_size_msb (sz, a) != word_size_msb (sz, b) &
+         word_size_msb (sz, a - b) != word_size_msb (sz, a))
+
+function (qword, bit, bit) add_with_carry_out ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  (a + b, (bit) ((int) (value_width (sz)) <= unsigned(a) + unsigned(b)),
+   word_signed_overflow_add (sz, a, b))
+
+function (qword, bit, bit) sub_with_borrow ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  (a - b, (bit) (a < b), word_signed_overflow_sub (sz, a, b))
+
+function unit write_arith_result ((size) sz, (qword) w, (bit) c, (bit) x, (ea) e) =
+{
+  write_arith_eflags (sz, w, c, x);
+  wEA (e) := w;
+}
+
+function unit write_arith_result_no_CF_OF ((size) sz, (qword) w, (ea) e) =
+{
+  write_arith_eflags_except_CF_OF (sz, w);
+  wEA (e) := w;
+}
+
+function unit write_logical_result ((size) sz, (qword) w, (ea) e) =
+{
+  write_arith_eflags_except_CF_OF (sz, w);
+  wEA (e) := w;
+}
+
+function unit write_result_erase_eflags ((qword) w, (ea) e) =
+{
+  erase_eflags ();
+  wEA (e) := w;
+}
+
+function qword effect { escape } sign_extension ((qword) w, (size) size1, (size) size2) =
+{
+  (qword) x := w;
+  switch (size1, size2) {
+    case ((Sz8(_)), Sz16) -> x[15 .. 0] := (bit[16]) (EXTS (w[7 .. 0]))
+    case ((Sz8(_)), Sz32) -> x[31 .. 0] := (bit[32]) (EXTS (w[7 .. 0]))
+    case ((Sz8(_)), Sz64) -> x := (qword) (EXTS (w[7 .. 0]))
+    case (Sz16, Sz32) -> x[31 .. 0] := (bit[32]) (EXTS (w[15 .. 0]))
+    case (Sz16, Sz64) -> x := (qword) (EXTS (w[15 .. 0]))
+    case (Sz32, Sz64) -> x := (qword) (EXTS (w[31 .. 0]))
+    case _ -> undefined
+  };
+  x;
+}
+
+function [|64|] mask_shift ((size) sz, (qword) w) =
+  if sz == Sz64 then w[5 .. 0] else w[4 .. 0]
+
+function qword rol ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> EXTZ (ROL (a[7 .. 0], b[2 .. 0]))
+    case Sz16 -> EXTZ (ROL (a[15 .. 0], b[3 .. 0]))
+    case Sz32 -> EXTZ (ROL (a[31 .. 0], b[4 .. 0]))
+    case Sz64 -> ROL (a, b[5 .. 0])
+  }
+
+function qword ror ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> EXTZ (ROR (a[7 .. 0], b[2 .. 0]))
+    case Sz16 -> EXTZ (ROR (a[15 .. 0], b[3 .. 0]))
+    case Sz32 -> EXTZ (ROR (a[31 .. 0], b[4 .. 0]))
+    case Sz64 -> ROR (a, b[5 .. 0])
+  }
+
+function qword sar ((size) sz, (qword) a, (qword) b) =
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> EXTZ (ASR (a[7 .. 0], b[2 .. 0]))
+    case Sz16 -> EXTZ (ASR (a[15 .. 0], b[3 .. 0]))
+    case Sz32 -> EXTZ (ASR (a[31 .. 0], b[4 .. 0]))
+    case Sz64 -> ASR (a, b[5 .. 0])
+  }
+
+function unit write_binop ((size) sz, (binop_name) bop, (qword) a, (qword) b, (ea) e) =
+  switch bop {
+    case Add -> let (w,c,x) = add_with_carry_out (sz, a, b) in
+                write_arith_result (sz, w, c, x, e)
+    case Sub -> let (w,c,x) = sub_with_borrow (sz, a, b) in
+                write_arith_result (sz, w, c, x, e)
+    case Cmp -> let (w,c,x) = sub_with_borrow (sz, a, b) in
+                write_arith_eflags (sz, w, c, x)
+    case Test -> write_logical_eflags (sz, a & b)
+    case And -> write_logical_result (sz, a & b, e)
+    case Xor -> write_logical_result (sz, a ^ b, e)
+    case Or -> write_logical_result (sz, a | b, e)
+    case Rol -> write_result_erase_eflags (rol (sz, a, b), e)
+    case Ror -> write_result_erase_eflags (ror (sz, a, b), e)
+    case Sar -> write_result_erase_eflags (sar (sz, a, b), e)
+    case Shl -> write_result_erase_eflags (a << mask_shift (sz,b), e)
+    case Shr -> write_result_erase_eflags (LSR (a, mask_shift (sz,b)), e)
+    case Adc ->
+      {
+        let carry = CF in
+        let (qword) result = a + (qword) (b + carry) in
+        {
+          CF := (bit) ((int) (value_width (sz)) <= unsigned(a) + unsigned(b));
+          OF := undefined;
+          write_arith_result_no_CF_OF (sz, result, e);
+        }
+      }
+    case Sbb ->
+      {
+        let carry = CF in
+        let (qword) result = a - (qword) (b + carry) in
+        {
+          CF := (bit) (unsigned(a) < unsigned(b) + (int) carry);
+          OF := undefined;
+          write_arith_result_no_CF_OF (sz, result, e);
+        }
+      }
+    case _ -> exit ()
+  }
+
+function unit write_monop ((size) sz, (monop_name) mop, (qword) a, (ea) e) =
+  switch mop {
+    case Not -> wEA(e) := ~(a)
+    case Dec -> write_arith_result_no_CF_OF (sz, a - 1, e)
+    case Inc -> write_arith_result_no_CF_OF (sz, a + 1, e)
+    case Neg -> { write_arith_result_no_CF_OF (sz, 0 - a, e);
+                  CF := undefined;
+                }
+  }
+
+function bool read_cond ((cond) c) =
+  switch c {
+    case A  -> ~(CF) & ~(ZF)
+    case NB -> ~(CF)
+    case B  -> CF
+    case NA -> CF | (bit) ZF
+    case E  -> ZF
+    case G  -> ~(ZF) & (SF == OF)
+    case NL -> SF == OF
+    case L  -> SF != OF
+    case NG -> ZF | SF != OF
+    case NE -> ~(ZF)
+    case NO -> ~(OF)
+    case NP -> ~(PF)
+    case NS -> ~(SF)
+    case O  -> OF
+    case P  -> PF
+    case S  -> SF
+    case ALWAYS -> true
+  }
+
+function qword pop_aux () =
+  let top = MEM(RSP, 8) in
+  {
+    RSP := RSP + 8;
+    top;
+  }
+
+function unit push_aux ((qword) w) =
+{
+  RSP := RSP - 8;
+  wMEM(RSP, 8) := w;
+}
+
+function unit pop ((rm) r) = wEA (ea_rm (Sz64,r)) := pop_aux()
+function unit pop_rip () = RIP := pop_aux()
+function unit push ((imm_rm) i) = push_aux (EA (ea_imm_rm (Sz64, i)))
+function unit push_rip () = push_aux (RIP)
+
+function unit drop ((qword) i) = if i[7 ..0] != 0 then () else RSP := RSP + i
+
+(* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   Instructions
+   -------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
+
+scattered function unit execute
+scattered typedef ast = const union
+
+val ast -> unit effect {escape, rmem, rreg, undef, wmem, wreg} execute
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      Binop
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (binop_name,size,dest_src) Binop
+
+function clause execute (Binop (bop,sz,ds)) =
+  let (e, val_dst, val_src) = read_dest_src_ea (sz, ds) in
+  write_binop (sz, bop, val_dst, val_src, e)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      CALL
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member imm_rm CALL
+
+function clause execute (CALL (i)) =
+{
+  push_rip();
+  jump_to_ea (ea_imm_rm (Sz64, i))
+}
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      CLC
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member unit CLC
+
+function clause execute CLC = CF := false
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      CMC
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member unit CMC
+
+function clause execute CMC = CF := ~(CF)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      CMPXCHG
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,rm,regn) CMPXCHG
+
+function clause execute (CMPXCHG (sz,r,n)) =
+  let src = Ea_r(sz, n) in
+  let acc = Ea_r(sz, 0) in (* RAX *)
+  let dst = ea_rm(sz, r) in
+  let val_dst = EA(dst) in
+  let val_acc = EA(src) in
+  {
+    write_binop (sz, Cmp, val_acc, val_dst, src);
+    if val_acc == val_dst then
+      wEA(dst) := EA (src)
+    else
+      wEA(acc) := val_dst;
+  }
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      DIV
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,rm) DIV
+
+function clause execute (DIV (sz,r)) =
+  let w = (int) (value_width(sz)) in
+  let eax = Ea_r(sz, 0) in (* RAX *)
+  let edx = Ea_r(sz, 2) in (* RDX *)
+  let n = unsigned(EA(edx)) * w + unsigned(EA(eax)) in
+  let d = unsigned(EA(ea_rm(sz, r))) in
+  let q = n quot d in
+  let m = n mod d in
+  if d == 0 | w < q then exit ()
+  else
+  {
+    wEA(eax) := cast_int_vec(q);
+    wEA(edx) := cast_int_vec(m);
+    erase_eflags();
+  }
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      Jcc
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (cond,qword) Jcc
+
+function clause execute (Jcc (c,i)) =
+  if read_cond (c) then RIP := RIP + i else ()
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      JMP
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member rm JMP
+
+function clause execute (JMP (r)) = RIP := EA (ea_rm (Sz64, r))
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      LEA
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,dest_src) LEA
+
+function clause execute (LEA (sz,ds)) =
+  let src = ea_src (sz, ds) in
+  let dst = ea_dest (sz, ds) in
+  wEA(dst) := get_ea_address (src)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      LEAVE
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member unit LEAVE
+
+function clause execute LEAVE =
+{
+  RSP := RBP;
+  pop (Reg (5)); (* RBP *)
+}
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      LOOP
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (cond,qword) LOOP
+
+function clause execute (LOOP (c,i)) =
+{
+  RCX := RCX - 1;
+  if RCX != 0 & read_cond (c) then RIP := RIP + i else ();
+}
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      Monop
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (monop_name,size,rm) Monop
+
+function clause execute (Monop (mop,sz,r)) =
+  let e = ea_rm (sz, r) in write_monop (sz, mop, EA(e), e)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      MOV
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (cond,size,dest_src) MOV
+
+function clause execute (MOV (c,sz,ds)) =
+  if read_cond (c) then
+    let src = ea_src (sz, ds) in
+    let dst = ea_dest (sz, ds) in
+    wEA(dst) := EA(src)
+  else ()
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      MOVSX
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,dest_src,size) MOVSX
+
+function clause execute (MOVSX (sz1,ds,sz2)) =
+  let src = ea_src (sz1, ds) in
+  let dst = ea_dest (sz2, ds) in
+  wEA(dst) := sign_extension (EA(src), sz1, sz2)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      MOVZX
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,dest_src,size) MOVZX
+
+function clause execute (MOVZX (sz1,ds,sz2)) =
+  let src = ea_src (sz1, ds) in
+  let dst = ea_dest (sz2, ds) in
+  wEA(dst) := EA(src)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      MUL
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,rm) MUL
+
+function clause execute (MUL (sz,r)) =
+  let eax = Ea_r (sz, 0) in (* RAX *)
+  let val_eax = EA(eax) in
+  let val_src = EA(ea_rm (sz, r)) in
+  switch sz {
+    case (Sz8(_)) -> wEA(Ea_r(Sz16,0)) := (val_eax * val_src)[63 .. 0]
+    case _ ->
+      let m = val_eax * val_src in
+      let edx = Ea_r (sz, 2) in (* RDX *)
+      {
+        wEA(eax) := m[63 .. 0];
+        wEA(edx) := (LSR (m, size_width(sz)))[63 .. 0]
+      }
+  }
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      NOP
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member nat NOP
+
+function clause execute (NOP (_)) = ()
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      POP
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member rm POP
+
+function clause execute (POP (r)) = pop(r)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      PUSH
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member imm_rm PUSH
+
+function clause execute (PUSH (i)) = push(i)
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      RET
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member qword RET
+
+function clause execute (RET (i)) =
+{
+  pop_rip();
+  drop(i);
+}
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      SET
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (cond,bool,rm) SET
+
+function clause execute (SET (c,b,r)) =
+  wEA(ea_rm(Sz8(b),r)) := if read_cond (c) then 1 else 0
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      STC
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member unit STC
+
+function clause execute STC = CF := true
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      XADD
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,rm,regn) XADD
+
+function clause execute (XADD (sz,r,n)) =
+  let src = Ea_r (sz, n) in
+  let dst = ea_rm (sz, r) in
+  let val_src = EA(src) in
+  let val_dst = EA(dst) in
+  {
+    wEA(src) := val_dst;
+    write_binop (sz, Add, val_src, val_dst, dst);
+  }
+
+(* ==========================================================================
+      XCHG
+   ========================================================================== *)
+
+union ast member (size,rm,regn) XCHG
+
+function clause execute (XCHG (sz,r,n)) =
+  let src = Ea_r (sz, n) in
+  let dst = ea_rm (sz, r) in
+  let val_src = EA(src) in
+  let val_dst = EA(dst) in
+  {
+    wEA(src) := val_dst;
+    wEA(dst) := val_src;
+  }
+
+end ast
+end execute