Co-authored-by: <Théo Zimmermann <theo.zimmermann@inria.fr>

The syntax is the one of boolean attributes, that is to say
`#[typing($flag={yes,no}]` where `$flag` is one of `guarded`,
`universes`, `positive`.

We had to instrument the pretyper in a few places, it is interesting
that it is doing so many checks.

We use the new `Declare.Info` structure to uniformly add properties to
the handling of constants. In this case, per-constant typing flags.

The internal code may want to see some further refactoring, including
pushing the flags down to `Safe_typing.add_constant` , but the changes
in the interface should be definitive.

This will allow #12539 and #9004 using attributes.

Current backtraces for tactics leave a bit to desire, for example
given the program:

```coq
Lemma u n : n + 0 = n.
rewrite plus_O_n.
```

the backtrace stops at:

```
Found no subterm matching "0 + ?M160" in the current goal.
Called from file "proofs/proof.ml", line 381, characters 4-42
Called from file "tactics/pfedit.ml", line 102, characters 31-58
Called from file "plugins/ltac/g_ltac.mlg", line 378, characters 8-84
```

Backtrace information `?info` is as of today optional in some tactics,
such as `tclZERO`, it doesn't cost a lot  however to reify backtrace
information indeed in `tclZERO` and provide backtraces for all tactic
errors. The cost should be small if we are not in debug mode.

The backtrace for the failed rewrite is now:

```
Found no subterm matching "0 + ?M160" in the current goal.
Raised at file "pretyping/unification.ml", line 1827, characters 14-73
Called from file "pretyping/unification.ml", line 1929, characters 17-53
Called from file "pretyping/unification.ml", line 1948, characters 22-72
Called from file "pretyping/unification.ml", line 2020, characters 14-56
Re-raised at file "pretyping/unification.ml", line 2021, characters 66-73
Called from file "proofs/clenv.ml", line 254, characters 12-58
Called from file "proofs/clenvtac.ml", line 95, characters 16-53
Called from file "engine/proofview.ml", line 1110, characters 40-46
Called from file "engine/proofview.ml", line 1115, characters 10-34
Re-raised at file "clib/exninfo.ml", line 82, characters 4-38
Called from file "proofs/proof.ml", line 381, characters 4-42
Called from file "tactics/pfedit.ml", line 102, characters 31-58
Called from file "plugins/ltac/g_ltac.mlg", line 378, characters 8-84
```

which IMO is much better.